[Late forced emigration without perspectives: Alfred Hauptmann and Adolf Wallenberg]. / Späte Zwangsemigration ohne Perspektive: Alfred Hauptmann und Adolf Wallenberg.

Archival documents and further biographical testimonies reveal that dismissal and expulsion on racist grounds also affected neurologists in leading clinical positions and at an advanced age. Alfred Hauptmann (1881-1948), full professor for neurology and psychiatry in Halle/Saale, member of the Leopoldina and discoverer of phenobarbitone treatment for epilepsy, emigrated first to Switzerland and then to the USA after the anti-Jewish pogroms in November 1938 and a subsequent "protective custody" imposed on him at the age of 58 years. Adolf Wallenberg (1862-1949), a self-made neurologist, described the syndrome later named after him in 1895. As a clinician he carried out research in the field of neuroanatomy until the National Socialists ousted him from his workplace in Danzig. At the age of 77 years, he emigrated to the USA via Great Britain, but did not manage to settle down again in his profession. For both physicians, neurology was their purpose in life, they felt patriotically attached to their home country and saw no future for themselves after their late forced emigration. Hauptmann is today commemorated by an award for experimental and clinical research on epilepsy, Wallenberg by the German Neurological Society award for outstanding achievements in the fields of cerebrovascular diseases, brain circulation and brain metabolism.

[Between exiled and native doctors: Spanish and Mexican knowledge integrating into the development of neurology in México, 1935-1950]. / Entre exiliados y nativos: la integración de saberes de españoles y mexicanos para el desarrollo de la neurología en México, 1935-1950.

Between 1935 and 1950 the neurology was presented and developed in Mexico. It happened by two ways: the arrival of Spanish neuroscience researchers in Mexico exiled due the Civil War; and the presence of Mexican doctors that had specialized in neurosurgery in the United States. The article discusses historiographic points of view that stress the importance of the Spanish exiled doctors, but neglect the important role of native doctors in the emergence of Mexican neurology. It states that there was an integration process by both parts, where Mexicans tried to satisfy care needs while the Spanish had to find or create working spaces to belong to.

Entre 1935 y 1950 aconteció la introducción y desarrollo de la neurología en México. Esto se dio por medio de dos vías: el arribo de los neurocientíficos españoles a México tras su exilio provocado por la Guerra Civil; y la presencia de médicos mexicanos que salieron a especializarse en neurocirugía a EEUU. Se discuten algunas posiciones historiográficas que hablan de la importancia de los españoles exiliados en este acontecer, pero que no han expuesto el relevante papel de los nativos en el surgimiento de la neurología mexicana. Se afirma la existencia de un proceso de integración de ambas partes, donde los nativos buscaron satisfacer necesidades asistenciales mientras que los exiliados tuvieron que encontrar y crear espacios dónde insertarse.

Entre exiliados y nativos: la integración de saberes de españoles y mexicanos para el desarrollo de la neurología en México, 1935-1950 / Between exiled and native doctors: Spanish and Mexican knowledge integrating into the development of neurology in México, 1935-1950

Resumen Entre 1935 y 1950 aconteció la introducción y desarrollo de la neurología en México. Esto se dio por medio de dos vías: el arribo de los neurocientíficos españoles a México tras su exilio provocado por la Guerra Civil; y la presencia de médicos mexicanos que salieron a especializarse en neurocirugía a EEUU. Se discuten algunas posiciones historiográficas que hablan de la importancia de los españoles exiliados en este acontecer, pero que no han expuesto el relevante papel de los nativos en el surgimiento de la neurología mexicana. Se afirma la existencia de un proceso de integración de ambas partes, donde los nativos buscaron satisfacer necesidades asistenciales mientras que los exiliados tuvieron que encontrar y crear espacios dónde insertarse.

Abstract Between 1935 and 1950 the neurology was presented and developed in Mexico. It happened by two ways: the arrival of Spanish neuroscience researchers in Mexico exiled due the Civil War; and the presence of Mexican doctors that had specialized in neurosurgery in the United States. The article discusses historiographic points of view that stress the importance of the Spanish exiled doctors, but neglect the important role of native doctors in the emergence of Mexican neurology. It states that there was an integration process by both parts, where Mexicans tried to satisfy care needs while the Spanish had to find or create working spaces to belong to.

Unsettling Realities of Nazism and the Legacy of the German Neurological Society.

On behalf of the German Neurological Society (DGN), a study was conducted into how far former chairmen, honorary chairmen, and honorary members could be regarded as incriminated from the National Socialist period. While an online supplement of this journal presents seven individual biographies (in six papers) by way of example, this paper offers an overview summarizing the project results and introducing the biographies. The first part and the methodological section discuss the difficulties of retrospectively identifying neurologists involved in the Nazi movement. Formal characteristics (eg, membership of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) or other Nazi organizations or participation in Nazi crimes) and content-related clues (eg, statements reflecting Nazi ideology, personal contacts with Nazi officials or active support of the system) can be helpful. The second part summarizes the principal results of a study of 28 German and Austrian neuroscientists with regard to their involvement and their post-war careers. Six of the seven "founding fathers" of the DGN were former NSDAP members; 10 of the 13 presidents in office until 1976 had belonged to Nazi organizations-the NSDAP, the SA ("Brownshirts") or the SS ("Blackshirts"). Moreover, seven out of 10 honorary presidents had formal or substantive links to National Socialism. Of the German and Austrian honorary members appointed up to 1985, two-thirds had leanings to Nazi ideology or the National Socialist system. This paper concludes by outlining how the DGN and its members are currently addressing this historical legacy in order to establish a responsible culture of remembrance. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:546-557.

Charcot and His Passion for Dogs: A Historical Note.

Jean-Martin Charcot, one of the most brilliant neurologists in history, was a man of few words and few gestures. He had an impenetrable and unmovable face and was described as being austere, reserved, and shy. In contrast, in his personal life, he was a softhearted man who loved animals - especially dogs. In this historical note, we sought to look into the past and learn more about Dr. Charcot's personal life - which was robustly impacted by his passion for dogs.

Who was Pierre Marie?

In this manuscript we pay a tribute to Pierre Marie (1853-1940), highlighting his great contribution to medicine and neurology describing several diseases and syndromes. We mainly emphasize aspects of his personal life and personality traits. Considered one of the three greatest neurologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, his brilliant career began at La Salpêtrière, followed by the development of a neurological school at Hospice Bicêtre. Pierre Marie had numerous disciples around the world, including Brazil, and published on various neurological and endocrinological themes. Back to La Salpêtrière, he concluded his professional life as a Neurology leader. However, after retirement, his demise was sad and lonely.

Babinski, Bektherev, Cerletti, Head, and Hitzig: European Neurologists Nominated for the Nobel Prize 1901-1950.

INTRODUCTION: This article provides for the first time an overview of the most often nominated European neurologists for the Nobel Prize, who never received the award. It sheds light on candidates from France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the UK during the first half of the 20th century. The aim is to highlight the candidates in the field of neurology, to discuss key arguments in the nomination letters, and to raise questions about research trends and hotspots in European neurology 1901-1950. METHODS: Using the Nobel nomination database which contains >5,000 nominations in the prize category physiology or medicine from 1901 to the early 1950s, we listed European neurologists who were nominated more than once during this time period. We then collected nomination letters and jury reports of the prime candidates in the archive of the Nobel Committee for physiology or medicine in Sweden to explore nomination networks and motives. RESULTS: We pinpointed scholars like Joseph Babinski, Vladimir Bektherev, Sir Henry Head, Eduard Hitzig, and Ugo Cerletti. The nomination motives were diverse, ranging from "lifetime" achievements and textbooks to singular (eponymous) discoveries. Issues of scientific priority disputes were central in most nomination letters. CONCLUSION: Nobel Prize nominations constitute a lens through which credit and recognition around major contributions in neurology during the 20th century can be examined. They are unique sources that enable the reconstruction of both research trends in the field and the reputation of individual neurologists.

Who was Pierre Marie? / Quem foi Pierre Marie?

ABSTRACT In this manuscript we pay a tribute to Pierre Marie (1853-1940), highlighting his great contribution to medicine and neurology describing several diseases and syndromes. We mainly emphasize aspects of his personal life and personality traits. Considered one of the three greatest neurologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, his brilliant career began at La Salpêtrière, followed by the development of a neurological school at Hospice Bicêtre. Pierre Marie had numerous disciples around the world, including Brazil, and published on various neurological and endocrinological themes. Back to La Salpêtrière, he concluded his professional life as a Neurology leader. However, after retirement, his demise was sad and lonely

RESUMO Neste manuscrito, prestamos homenagem a Pierre Marie (1853-1940), destacando sua grande contribuição para a medicina e a neurologia, descrevendo várias doenças e síndromes. Enfatizamos principalmente aspectos de sua vida pessoal e traços de personalidade. Considerado um dos três maiores neurologistas do final do século XIX e início do século XX, sua brilhante carreira começou em La Salpêtrière, seguida pelo desenvolvimento de uma escola de neurologia no Hospice Bicêtre. Pierre Marie teve numerosos discípulos em todo o mundo, incluindo o Brasil, e publicou sobre vários temas neurológicos e endocrinológicos. De volta a La Salpêtrière, ele concluiu sua vida profissional como líder da Neurologia. Porém, após aposentadoria, seu ocaso foi triste e solitário

Hysteria or epilepsy?

Hysteria and epilepsy have long been compounded by the term "hysteria-epilepsy" among neurologists and physchiatrists, including Jean Martin Charcot. In a 114 page unpublished manuscript written circa 1815, Jean-Baptiste Louyer Villermay, French physician and student of Philippe Pinel, considered the signs that would differentiate hysteria from epilepsy. This differential diagnosis approach was proposed long before Charcot's lecture in 1868 at Salpêtrière hospital.

Jean-Charles Chatelin (1884-1948), counted among the "Righteous", but forgotten as a neurologist who studied under Pierre Marie.

Charles Chatelin (1884-1948) studied under Pierre Marie (1853-1940) at hôpital La Salpêtrière and went on to a career profoundly affected by World War I. He wrote a remarkable thesis on the clinical aspects and radiography of hereditary craniofacial dysostosis, which had been recently described by Octave Crouzon (1874-1938). A few days after the publication of Georges Guillain (1876-1961) and Alexandre Barré (1880-1967), Chatelin published a comprehensive study of the eponymous syndrome. His study was prepared before that of Guillain and Barré, but only their names are remembered. After examining patients with spinal injuries, Chatelin and Pierre Marie gave the first description of what would become, in 1924, "Lhermitte's sign." The eponym was first used after this sensory symptom was added by Lhermitte to the clinical picture of multiple sclerosis. In 1915, Chatelin and Pierre Marie used a technique based on radiographic overlays to localize intracranial projectiles. They coupled this with precise examinations of the visual field of wounded soldiers, in order to map out the intra-cerebral visual pathways with accuracy. During World War II, Chatelin and his wife demonstrated their empathy by hiding a Jewish family in their home until Paris was liberated.

Jacques Jean Lhermitte and Lhermitte's sign.

Jacques Jean Lhermitte, a forefather of modern clinical neurology, was a French neurologist conducting the majority of his research between 1908 and 1957. Although less well known than his contemporaries at the time, Lhermitte eventually was famously recognized for his eponymously named "Lhermitte's sign." Lhermitte's contributions to the field of neurology spanned that of monographic clinical descriptions of syndromes to exquisitely detailed descriptions of neuropathology, finally delving into the realm of modern neuropsychiatry in his later years. Lhermitte laid the groundwork for the burgeoning field of neurology, developing the reputation of a renaissance physician by both his contemporaries and current neurologists. Here, we take an extensive look into the life and career of Lhermitte and the legacies that he left behind.

Goethe: A bipolar personality? Periodicity of affective states in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as reflected by Paul Julius Möbius.

This paper aims to investigate the character and etiological basis of German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's mental disorder. From 1898, German neuropsychiatrist Paul Julius Möbius developed the hypothesis that Goethe's work provided several hints for the notion that the German poet suffered from a distinct bipolar disorder. The paper investigates Möbius's psychopathographic study on Goethe and his hypothesis of a mood periodicity in Goethe against the mirror of modern concepts. Möbius came to the conclusion that Goethe's illness was bipolar in character and became visible at intervals of seven years and lasted for about two years. The majority of Möbius's contemporary psychiatric colleagues (Emil Kraepelin, Max Isserlin, Ernst Kretschmer, Josef Breuer) supported this view which has still not been convincingly challenged. In present-day terms, Möbius's hypothesis can be best mirrored as a subclinical foundation of mood disorder. Furthermore, with his extensive study, Möbius disproved the common notion that Goethe had suffered from an illness as the result of a syphilitic infection.

George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann: Wartime correspondence 1940-1947.

Recently discovered primary sources in the form of letters, memoranda and private communications between George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann provide much information on the setting up of spinal units in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. The two men developed a close relationship and in Guttmann, Riddoch found a man who had the knowledge, the ability and the energy to implement this shared vision.

France's "année terrible" of the Franco-Prussian War and Paris Commune, 150 years ago, and some remarkable neurologists at the time

Franco-Prussian War started 150 years ago, and it was a short but a tragic turning point to France as a whole, but also a challenging moment for medicine and some outstanding French neurologists. Besides, a new continental European power emerged, consolidating German as a united state. Two Parisian sieges at this time, from the Prussian and that related to the Communards, struggled the Parisian health status. In Medicine, the wounded and diseased health care disorganized logistics were carried out through the military, municipal and civil health services subdivided into mobile ambulances and fixed hospitals. The novel Cross Red ambulances took part. Moreover, anesthesia and antiseptic surgery were applied, but they were in their beginnings. The Faculty of Medicine of Paris physicians were charged with the subsidiary health care of the population, among them Jean-Martin Charcot. Some of them added to the patient care the meetings at the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine. Many outstanding neurologists participated at this task force besides Charcot, such as Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine and Henri Duret

A guerra franco-prussiana começou há 150 anos e foi um período curto, mas trágico, para a França como um todo, mas também um momento desafiador para a medicina e alguns neurologistas franceses de destaque. Além disso, uma nova potência da Europa continental emergiu, consolidando a Alemanha como um estado unido. Dois cercos parisienses naquela época, dos prussianos e o relacionado aos "communards", lutavam contra o estado de saúde parisiense. Em Medicina, a logística desorganizada dos serviços de saúde, de cuidados aos feridos e doentes, foi realizada através dos serviços de saúde militar, municipal e civil subdivididos em ambulâncias móveis e hospitais fixos. As novas ambulâncias da Cruz Vermelha participaram. Além disso, anestesia e cirurgia anti-séptica foram aplicadas, mas estavam no início. Os médicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Paris foram encarregados dos cuidados subsidiários de saúde da população, entre eles Jean-Martin Charcot. Alguns deles acrescentaram ao atendimento aos pacientes, as reuniões da Academia de Ciências e da Academia de Medicina. Muitos neurologistas de destaque participaram dessa força-tarefa além de Charcot, como Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine e Henri Duret

Neurological signs described at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: connecting the past to the future.

OBJECTIVE: The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) is one of the pillars of Brazilian Medicine and, in Neurology, has always shown prominence, with notable professors such as Antônio Austregésilo and Deolindo Couto. Historically, practitioners of the UFRJ Medical School have discovered neurological signs that, although used in medical and academic practice, have never been published. Our aim was to bring these signs to the forefront so that they become properly recognized and studied. METHODS: We conducted our search by questioning 49 professors and physicians by e-mail about neurological signs that they remembered having had contact with at UFRJ. RESULTS: We report on the unpublished pillow sign in progressive supranuclear palsy; the Brazilian sandal sign in functional or malingering patients; the dermographism sign in acute meningitis; the reverse forearm rolling sign in functional palsies; the cycling maneuver in parkinsonian syndromes and the Sá Cavalcanti sign, a Babinski equivalent. We have also recollected the following published signs for their historical relevance: the Austregésilo sign (Antônio Austregésilo), another Babinski equivalent; the digiti quinti rolling sign in subtle palsies (Péricles Maranhão) and the digiti quinti sign in hemiplegic migraine (Maurice Vincent). These signs are easily reproduced and have potential clinical applicability, deserving to be more thoroughly studied. CONCLUSIONS: Through a qualitative methodology, we have identified six original unpublished neurological signs known by the academic community, establishing the contribution of these individuals to the expansion of neurological semiology.